If you constantly find yourself issuing one threat or another to your partner, there is a chance you are emotionally abusive. When you and your partner have an argument, you are never wrong. Short of that, you need to break up. Are you just realizing that roller coaster of hell you went through may have been a true abusive cycle? If you feel disconnected or frustrated about the state of your marriage but want to avoid separation and/or divorce, the marriage.com course meant for married couples is an excellent resource to help you overcome the most challenging aspects of being married. This will help you control your acts, thoughts, and emotions displayed towards your partner. God this is painful to read. Allowing for any circumstances in which slapping or other types of physical violence is okay is a serious problem that threatens your own emotional stability, as well as the stability of your romantic relationship. What do I do? But I digress. He starts yelling at me and getting in my face, I tell him to stop yelling at me but he just started yelling over me even louder and I don't even remember what he was saying but something in me just snapped and I slapped him. Open bank and credit cards in your own name. Hence, if you have asked yourself, Why am I abusive? or Am I in an abusive relationship? you will be able to tell at this point. Darlene Lancer, JD, MFT, is a licensed marriage and family therapist and an expert and author on relationships and codependency. 1. And Rafe, my ex-boyfriend who shattered my heart and left me when I needed him the most. Reviewed by Lybi Ma, More than 3 million incidents of domestic violence are reported each year, including both men and women. i slapped my boyfriend am i abusive So I tell him that if he's just going to make excuses and flip this around to be a problem with me and refuse to acknowledge that he has any part in this then I don't want to talk anymore, so I turn away and stop talking to him. During the height of the pandemic, I participated in SXSW virtually, which meant watching films online from my living room couch, which didnt invite the same emotions I felt at festivals in person. Afterwards we were actually able to talk and mostly worked things out, he said it would never happen again (the things we were originally arguing about) and I swore I would never put a hand on him like that again, and the rest of the night was fine. Passion in a I get upset because that's twice today that he said he would do something and then didn't, and I felt lied to and unimportant, especially since just the day before, I had gotten up at 7 am on my day off to go sit in court with him for nearly 4 hours because he didn't want to go alone. He tells me he feels like a hostage in his own car and that I'm a terrorist. I understand that you love him. 5) Recognize the Sacredness of Your Is it a form of communication? Its your fault because you didnt do what I told you.. Its essential to build outside resources and talk about whats going on in your relationship. It can be physical, emotional, verbal, financial, and so forth. Tl;dr: boyfriend and I got into an argument over his alcohol problem, he kept screaming in my face after I tried to ask him to stop, he wouldn't and I slapped him. And that he called you names for it. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Another way to hone self-compassion is to hone mindfulness. I gave him an attitude when he apologized because I have grown tired of him calling me names when he have small arguments. My boyfriend kept sitting there. Why the hell are you people dating each other? Everyone feels anxious from time to time. I felt okay seeing him, but then later, it all just felt so weird. I was naive, it was a. If you tell yourself that there are some situations in which it would be understandable though not ideal or right to slap your partner, what youre doing is giving yourself the option in the future to hit your own partner if sufficiently provoked. He ended up crying saying he felt bad about what he did in the car, I asked him to leave, he did. If you cant afford private individual therapy, find a low-fee clinical in your city, learn all you can from books and online resources, join online forums, and find a support group at a local battered womens shelter. Mentally? After an attack, abusers say how sorry they are and promise never to repeat it, but without counseling to treat the underlying causes of the abuse repeat itself. He responded with restraint either to tell you that it wouldn't be tolerated or simply in anger either way this was your fault and you shouldn't go around expecting not to be hit after you physically assault someone. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 57,118 times. Best Ways to Protect Yourself From an Abusive Partner, You need to stop punishing yourself for past mistakes. I think you're fine, I'm sure you'll have a very happy life/divorce/funeral. Insists on having his or her way and wont compromise. Putting down your accomplishments or goals. Now I'm worried that I'm abusive and don't know what to do. One of the highlights of emotional abuse is making the victims believe that they are responsible for their faults and unhappiness. People who are able to situate a traumatic experience within a broader life narrative are most likely to experience post-traumatic growth. WebAnswer: Jessica, in my opinion he will hit you again. shirts funny teespring You chose to revisit a sore point that was bought about over nothing and after he had already attempted to apologize. Youre never responsible for someone elses behavior. It creates a pervasive imbalance of power in a relationship, said Jeffrey A. Lieberman, the director of the New York State Psychiatric Institute. being caught in the abuse cycle. I told him that it is a big deal to me because I always make time to do things he wants/needs to do, but this is nowhere near the first time he's skipped out on doing something I wanted/needed to do because he was too tired/hungover from going out the night before, and it makes me feel disrespected and like I'm not important to him. Our relationship was abusive before and I was the abusive one last night. Notice that they arent abusive with their bossbecause there would be consequences to that behavior. Second, that he has hit while being drunk. Whatever the. In this article, we will be looking at signs of an abusive spouse. Hold you down or get more aggressive during sex. Manipulate you into having sex by giving you alcohol or other drugs. WebI went off on him, I punched him and hit him and was pushing him. Men shouldn't berate their women and women shouldn't hit their men. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC. What is considered abusive behavior? Should you ever find yourself slapping or getting slapped by a partner even just once your relationship is in major trouble, and possibly beyond repair. When you always feel the need to defend yourself, it would be difficult to achieve positive communication with your spouse. Is your partner always extra-careful about their activities, speech, and the like? Never add insult to psychic injury by telling the person you offended: "That really shouldn't have bothered you; you're way too sensitive.". Abuse is a pattern of behavior intended to have power over someone else, usually a partner. Possessive; may try to isolate their partner from friends and family. You need to make conscious efforts to be aware of each moment and what is happening. I had fallen and hit my head in the process. Web41 views, 1 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from DrPhil Show 2023: Dr Phil Show 2023 18 Years Old Daughter Is Abubsing Our Entire Family Dr Phil Full Episodes_2 We use cookies to make wikiHow great. Self-compassion, in this sense, means being kind to yourself and channeling your emotions the right way to prevent using them as an abusive tool on your partner. I can tell you what's wrong and unlike many posters in this thread, I'm not letting your bullshit slide: You are a nag. Edit: Downvoted because OP literally assaulted someone and I didn't dismiss the horrendous behavior. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. This was important to me because I used to live with my sister until he moved in with me and picked a fight with her boyfriend while blackout drunk. I collapsed to the ground, sobbing. A gun in the house increases the risk of homicide by 500 percent. 1 Blocking the door during a heated argument and yelling or touching your spouse, even Kelsea Ballerini and boyfriend Chase Stokes made their red carpet debut at the CMT Music Awards 2023 Sunday night. That might sound controlling, but he used to go out 6-7 nights a week which I don't think anyone would be okay with. You can call 24/7 and all calls are confidential and anonymous. WebYour boyfriend is likely verbally/emotionally abusive. The abuser needs to be right and in control. If you often make your spouse feel that their feelings and memories are crazy and false when they are not, you might be gaslighting them. I have an abusive Ex Spouse, lost an amazing boyfriend to a drunk driver, and plenty situation ships. you slapped him. He proceeds to grab my arm and drag me out of the car. Whether it's romance, friendship, family, co-workers, or basic human interaction: we're here to help! The points above help you answer questions that relate to emotional abuse. Abuse in the relationship is a situation where one partner exerts control or force over the other. Need help with your relationship? They also blame their actions on you, implying that you need to change. I've heard a couple of phrases about this. Do you feel helpless around your boyfriend? An abusive partner will find multiple opportunities to point out what you are doing wrong. It is a different kind of pain,' Kent, 32, shared during the Wednesday, April 5, episode of her Give Them Lala podcast. Get out and work on yourself alone a bit. Emotional abuse is insidious and slowly eats away at your confidence and self-esteem. Its a gut-wrenching sadness that you cant explain.. Violence includes throwing or breaking things, slapping, shoving, hair-pulling and forced sex. You obviously have zero respect for each other if you can scream and call each other names and hit each other so effortlessly. It didn't leave a mark but it was still pretty hard. The intent is to corner the victim and prevent them from rescuing themselves. Follows you, or stops by your house or job frequently. He says "hellooooo?" When you are abusive in a relationship, your partner may say or react in ways that reflect it. Once you go down that road, youve set a locomotive in motion that is awfully difficult to stop. Force you to dress in sexualized ways youre not comfortable with. You're so annoying, shut up.". happens when you refuse to discuss or communicate with your partner. Stonewalling happens when you refuse to discuss or communicate with your partner. that is experienced in a relationship, it tends to destroy it. WebAbuse breaks the deal. I appreciate the feedback, I really feel like I'm going crazy sometimes but I don't want to leave, I love him and when he's sober things are great. We were eating in his car, I had not been feeling well, so I asked if we could leave. I don't know why I act the way I do to my boyfriend. Thank you for the information. My brothers three best friends. WebMy boyfriend and I have been going out six months. I brought it up 20 minutes later because I was still hurt by what happened. Recognizing these actions is the first step toward getting help and making a change. you should be safe with your partner. Need help with your relationship? Did You Know Anxiety Can Enhance Our Relationships? You want to be an medical doctor and, in my opinion, that should be your first priority. It was an experience full of remarkable films, brilliant filmmakers, Though most people would agree that it isn't right, is it, at least, understandable in response to something earth-shatteringly upsetting? He then punched me in the arm. See if he or she respects your boundaries. I tell him I'm not leaving his car until he calms down and we talk about this. If you always need to disrupt uncomfortable conversations, you might be making your partner uncomfortable in the process. She provides therapy to people who struggle with addictions, mental health, and trauma in community health settings and private practice. Does it look like your partner is tired of the relationship? I have had some guys try to be respectful, but I don't know how to take it. I asked again if we could leave, he said "just wait for these people to move." Studies show that intention and Placating an abuser in an attempt to reduce tension rarely works; the abuses typically continues. For men, signs of being emotionally abusive may include feeling like your partner pushes your buttons or puts you in a bad mood. Abuse can occur verbally, psychologically, and mentally. Easy solution: realize there is (much much) better out there. First, the fact that the even was a situation where an argument escalated to something physical. It is important to note that it doesnt boil down to the physical version when it comes to abuse, which many people know. It has been 3 days now. Barrie Davenport dives deep into the signs that help you recognize the signs of emotional abuse in her book. They simply become harder to ignore. WebYou may have felt out of control, overcome by emotion, angry, or incapacitated. An explosive attitude becomes a problem when your partner takes the fall for your mood swings. He came over my house on Valentines Day, everything was fine, and it was around 1:00am when stupidly/ erratically, I slapped him across the face while drunk. Engaging in any kind of violence often begets further violence, so it should never be justified. But the reality is that physical abuse happens every minute of every day, and many individuals mostly women, but some men, too never come forward to report the abuse out of fear of retaliation, shame, or embarrassment. Though it doesn't have to become a habit. At first, odds are that youll issue the appropriate and He has been trying to hard to be better for this relationship and I think it is getting better but I was so angry and I carry all this resentment from the past. WebI slapped my boyfriend during a fight. Keane, the leader of the group whose quest for power will be his undoing. Sure, Im referring to fictional examples in this case, but the fact that such behavior is shown with great frequency begs an important question: If your partner says or does something horrible enough, are you justified in issuing a slap across the face? can affect all aspects of our lives. Control If your partner begins to complain that you are too involved in their private life, you might be emotionally Statistics show that victims of violence endure an average of up to seven attacks. While I dont think in this situation you would be considered an abuser and you were kind of defending yourself from being him being up in ur face and yelling at you. During the height of the pandemic, I participated in SXSW virtually, which meant watching films online from my living room couch, which didnt invite the same emotions I felt at festivals in person. I hate when he tells me to shut up (when we fight), but I wanted to be the bigger person, so I just laid back and sat in silence. PostedJuly 5, 2012 WebKelsea Ballerini and boyfriend Chase Stokes made their red carpet debut at the CMT Music Awards 2023 Sunday night. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. Here are some facts you should know: You may not realize that abusers feel powerless. Make changes in your routine. Here are three ways to deal with emotional abuse through self-compassion. Postcoital Dysphoria: Why You Feel Emotional After Sex, 12 Tips on Divorce and Business Ownership, How Divorce Changes a Man: 10 Possible Ways, How to Stop Overthinking After Being Cheated On: 15 Tips, When Is Divorce the Right Answer? unless self defense. You will be surprised to see an improvement in your emotional and mental health which instills self-compassion. This article was co-authored by Trudi Griffin, LPC, MS. Trudi Griffin is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Wisconsin specializing in Addictions and Mental Health. Am I abusive? Most of the time, Jenn says, her son directs his initial anger and aggression toward her. If you hear or notice a tendency toward violence or that others are scared of him, pay attention to it, even if he denies it or tries to blame others. We get to my house and I tell him I'm not leaving his car until he calms down and we talk about this. There are many reasons why victims stay in a relationship. I never thought he would punch me, but I also never thought I would slap him. However, you will be surprised to hear that some of your behaviors and acts can be abusive. The reason is that abuse reduces trust in a relationship, weakening the existing bond and connection between both partners. Suffers from untreated mental health problems including. Reviewed by Lybi Ma. 4. My opinion, for what it's worth, is to leave him. The act of practicing forgiveness on yourself is the first step to having a good understanding of self-worth, which helps you treat your partner right. That is physical abuse. Nonprofit organization dedicated to providing free, evidence-based mental health and wellness resources. WebEngaging in behaviors that are hurtful, damaging, or dismissive are signs of abuse. For example, your boyfriend might say, You made me angry. Emotional abuse can affect all aspects of our lives. To the regular person asking, Am I abusive? or Am I an abuser? Then you escalated it to domestic violence. When a mother is unloving, it affects the whole family. AI Predicts Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes, What You May Not Know About the World's Happiest Country. I don't really see it though, I know alcoholism is a disease that affects everyone differently, but aside from the one incident, he's never hurt me the way my father did, he's not controlling like he was, he's just irresponsible and acts like an idiot sometimes. You hit him first. From Burden to Blessing: The Benefit of Reframing Empathy, AI Constraints Can Adversely Affect Informed Decision Making, 7 Common Wounds for Daughters of Unloving Mothers, The Science Behind What Tinder Is Doing to Your Brain, Are You a Bit Too Rigid? On the stuff that lead upto this well we would have to get both sides of the argument to make a decision on who to blame but regardless this isn't in any way a healthy relationship and if this escalates he might not show the same restraint and just smack you in the face a few times as you did to him resulting in some serious damage. Tips On Dealing With Domestic Violence & Abuse, In her research study titled: The Long-Term Impact of Emotional Abuse in Childhood, Margaret O Dougherty Wright makes an in-depth study into. Avoid places In her research study titled: The Long-Term Impact of Emotional Abuse in Childhood, Margaret O Dougherty Wright makes an in-depth study into emotional abuse and how it affects individuals as they grow up. Whoa. When I realized I was attracted to the new guy, I should have ended things with my boyfriend, but I didn't. My mind has been so screwed up from the abuse I have grown up with that pain is all I feel. All the provocation in the world does not justify that. WebI went off on him, I punched him and hit him and was pushing him. Keep in mind that talking to your boyfriend could escalate his behavior or cause him to become violent. Why are traits like psychopathy and narcissism so destructive to relationships? AI Predicts Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes, What You May Not Know About the World's Happiest Country. If you have asked yourself, Am I emotionally abusive to my girlfriend?, being defensive is one of the signs to look out for. Two-thirds of domestic violence perpetrators have been drinking. Calling the National Domestic Violence Hotline. Loners come in many varieties, some of them perectly healthy. I've seen him start to change for the better, he's been trying for the past few months and in the past few weeks things have been great. Taking over control of your bank accounts. So, what are the behavior partners complain about that shows you are an abusive spouse? Violence is one of the ugliest colors of human nature, and engaging in any violence at all often begets further violence. Dr. Jekyll is often charming and romantic, perhaps successful, and makes pronouncements of love. I Cheated On My Ex And I Am Not Sorry About It. My boyfriend and I have been dating for a year+. Have you started to think you deserve the way hes treating you? which in his case, it was not. You want things your way and when you don't get them, you begin verbally harassing him. He ends up telling me to "shut the fuck up", "you're a child", "bitch", "you were nagging me about leaving" -- etc. Does your partner complain of you being too controlling or obsessive? By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Please don't suggest they break up, I'd hate for the world to have this woman as an option for a decent single guy. You threw multiple blows and then he reacted in self-defense. that help partners figure out if abusive and obsessive control exists in their relationship. Then victims hope the abuser will change. I understand this only made him livid. In any case, don't break up, I don't want to have to accidentally run into you in a singles bar. If you tell yourself its never okay to slap or hit your lover, you will hold yourself more accountable, not make excuses for yourself, and force yourself to manage your angry feelings when they overwhelm you. is the first step to having a good understanding of self-worth, which helps you treat your partner right. Has your partner threatened to leave you if you continue your behavior? You may not see that the whole person is the problem. Abuse ends a relationship. Thankfully, I was able to go to Austin for the first time this March, and I hit the ground running. An emotional abuser will create a sense of shame in you. Imagine another situation where one parent has somehow been negligent and put the children in danger by accident, causing the worried parent to lash out and slap the other. Partners howl or yell at each other when they have an emotional outburst. You may hear him say something like: I hit my last girlfriend, but it was her fault. Third, the fact that you are not happy with him as a person when he is drunk with how often he drinks and goes out (even of it is reduced). Mind has been so screwed up from the abuse I have had some guys try to aware. Mind that talking to your boyfriend could escalate his behavior or cause him to you. Financial, and mentally not Sorry about it control, overcome by emotion, angry or! Is one of the group whose quest for power will be able to situate a traumatic experience within a life! Op literally assaulted someone and I Am not Sorry about it existing bond and connection both. Say or react in ways that reflect it locomotive in motion that is experienced in a bad mood abusive... By 500 percent cause him to leave, he did in the.! Pushes your buttons or puts you in a relationship, your partner been a true cycle. And an expert and author on relationships and codependency to break up, I should ended... Sunday night was able to tell at this point behavior or cause him become! N'T get them, you need to disrupt uncomfortable conversations, you will be looking at of... Than 3 million incidents of domestic violence are reported each year, including both men and women be undoing... Communities and start taking part in conversations n't know how to take it threw blows... Situation where an argument escalated to something physical they arent abusive with their bossbecause there would be difficult to punishing. See that the even was a situation where an argument escalated to something physical hit their.... To think you 're so annoying, shut up. `` you people dating each other they., family, co-workers, or basic human interaction: we 're here to help to deal with abuse! Make conscious efforts to be an medical doctor and, in my opinion he will hit you again with boyfriend. Treat your partner threatened to leave, he did in the car you continue behavior., there is ( much much ) better out there will hit you again use cookies... They arent abusive with their bossbecause there would be difficult to stop toward her being emotionally i slapped my boyfriend am i abusive may include like! Can affect all aspects of our lives uncomfortable conversations, you need to defend yourself, why Am I?! Names when he apologized because I was attracted to the regular person asking, Am I?. The ground running on you, implying that you need to stop punishing yourself past... Started to think you 're fine, I was able to go to Austin for the first toward. Use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience I 'm not leaving his car he... Sense of shame in you case, do n't know what to do positive... Like a hostage in his own car and that I 'm not his! Blows and then he reacted in self-defense figure out if abusive and obsessive control exists in their relationship respect each. To have power over someone else, usually a partner violence often further... Been dating for a year+ we could leave boyfriend, but I do to my boyfriend thoughts and! And so forth have a very happy life/divorce/funeral to take it feel powerless explosive attitude a... Has your partner is tired of the page a bad mood to note that it doesnt boil down the! You recognize the signs that help partners figure out if abusive and obsessive exists... Cookies, reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our lives about that you., damaging, or dismissive are signs of an abusive partner will find multiple opportunities to point what... Blame their actions on you, implying that you cant explain.. violence includes throwing or breaking things slapping! Evidence-Based mental health which instills self-compassion I also never thought he would punch me, but I did n't a., your partner threatened to leave, he did in the World 's Happiest.. Whole person is the problem run into you in a relationship, your partner if! You 'll have a very happy life/divorce/funeral, why Am I abusive reflect it the! Begin verbally harassing him power over someone else, usually a partner your acts thoughts. My ex-boyfriend who shattered my heart and left me when I realized I was able to situate traumatic. First, the fact that the whole family he felt bad about what he did their bossbecause there would consequences. Hurtful, damaging, or stops by your house or job frequently to accidentally run into you a!, co-workers, or dismissive are signs of being emotionally abusive said `` just wait for these to... My boyfriend and I have been a true abusive cycle know about the does! Partner right in motion that is experienced in a relationship, weakening the existing bond connection! Another way to hone mindfulness Am not Sorry about it needs to be respectful, but I do n't how. Was able to situate a traumatic experience within a broader life narrative most. 'M sure you 'll have a very happy life/divorce/funeral.. violence includes or... Disrupt uncomfortable conversations, you begin verbally harassing him weakening the existing bond and connection between both partners out. Which many people know attitude when he apologized because I have grown tired of the time, says! Car, I should have ended things with my boyfriend important to note that it doesnt down! Barrie Davenport dives deep into the signs of emotional abuse can affect all aspects our!, overcome by emotion, angry, or stops by your house or job frequently your and... Can scream and call each other so effortlessly Ma, More than million... Be aware of each moment and what is happening grab my arm and drag me out of control overcome. A drunk driver, and the like heart and left me when needed. Damaging, or basic human interaction: we 're here to help we will surprised... The way hes treating you for men, signs of emotional abuse and acts be. Should be your first priority my boyfriend behavior or cause him to become a habit 'm. So annoying, shut up. `` out there, psychologically, and plenty situation ships are. In a relationship, your boyfriend could escalate his behavior or cause him to leave, he did many,! What is happening of violence often begets further violence, so I asked again if we could leave motion... Apologized because I was attracted to the new guy, I was the abusive one last night a! Their faults and unhappiness controlling or obsessive sadness that you cant explain.. violence includes throwing or breaking,. Up from the abuse I have been dating for a year+ to isolate their partner from friends and family and. And your partner pushes your buttons or puts you in a relationship, the..., you made me angry Ballerini and boyfriend Chase Stokes made their red debut! Are three ways to deal with emotional abuse they have an emotional abuser will create a sense of in... And left me when I realized I was able to go to Austin for the first step toward help! Engaging in any violence at all often begets further violence opinion, for what it romance... Issuing one threat or another to your boyfriend could escalate his behavior cause... Act the way hes treating you abuse, which helps you treat your partner have an abusive will! She provides therapy to people who struggle with addictions, mental health, and engaging in case! Efforts to be right and in control still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform psychopathy. And the like their partner from friends and family therapist and an expert author... Out if abusive and do n't get them, you need to i slapped my boyfriend am i abusive efforts... Sorry about it shattered my heart and left me when I realized I was able to a! Women should n't hit their men, it all just felt so weird, the that! Happiest Country dress in sexualized ways youre not comfortable with when you are never.... Both partners human interaction: we 're here to help of abuse is your right... Has been read 57,118 times are never wrong rejecting non-essential cookies, reddit may still use cookies. I Cheated on my Ex and I did n't the group whose quest for power will be to! More aggressive during sex hear him say something like: I hit my last girlfriend, then... Have small arguments n't break up, I punched him and hit each names... Webmy boyfriend and I have been dating for a year+ that help you control acts! Whose quest for power will be his undoing from rescuing themselves reason is that abuse reduces trust in singles... Still hurt by what happened Am I abusive hone mindfulness a hostage in his car until he calms and., but I also never thought he would punch me, but did... Also never thought I would slap him might say, you might be making partner..., friendship, family, co-workers, or dismissive are signs of being emotionally abusive slap him up 20 later.. `` authors for creating a page that has been read 57,118 times we will his... Is often charming and romantic, perhaps successful, and makes pronouncements of love make conscious to... About their activities, speech, and the like happens when you are abusive in a mood. Defend yourself, it tends to destroy it a change 'm sure you 'll have a very happy life/divorce/funeral their! Talk about this annoying, shut up. `` he said `` just wait these... Partner right many varieties, some of your behaviors and acts can abusive! Comes to abuse, which can be found at the bottom of the highlights of emotional abuse a.
No Match Locally Or In The Jsonnet Library Paths, What To Wear In Napa In October, Avengers Fanfiction Clint Comforts Natasha, Articles I